Onexa – The Magical Weight Control Drug

Vivus Inc. has finally declared Onexa, their experimental weight control drug as successful after a 28-week long trial. This newweight control wonder drug has been found effective making obese people lose weight of upto an average of almost 9.2% .

The study conducted on 756 patients proves the efficacy Onexa. It was seen that the maximum weight loss took place in those who took its highest dose, as compared to people who were administered Onexa’s individual components and others who were given only a mid dose or a placebo pill.

Very good weight loss results were seen in almost 65% of the cases of those given full dosage of Onexa. A noticeable weight loss of almost five was seen without any type of difficulty or side effects. The drug was well tolerated by the trail group with a very minimum numbers showing any sign of a noticeable side effect associated with Onexa. These side effects included dry mouth, itching, altered taste, and constipation. Some incidences of depression were also reported but that could not be linked to Onexa or its components since it were also noticed amongst those given placebo.

During the trail period of this weight loss program, the patients were put on a diet that had almost 500 less calories. They were also made to follow a regimen that included mild walks and other exercise three times a week.

As far as its combination is concerned, Onexa has phentermine as its main ingredient, along with a certain percentage of topiramate, an epilepsy drug, marketed as Topamax.

Having conducted its successful trials, the company is waiting for the final approval of FDA before introducing Onexa into the market.

TPX BASEBALL BATS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

One of the latest designs that have hit the baseball scene is the TPX Triton bat. Earlier Easton and Demarini's had come out with multi-piece bats that were quite famous but the Louisville Slugger TPX Baseball Bats have caught the imagination of all the players and fans alike. One of the most auctioning features of the TPX Baseball Bats that one notices right in the beginning is the large size of its barrel. It has an amazingly large well that makes it stand out among all other types of bats.

It has a unique design that has been carved out of the handle and the barrel being made as individual parts and then refused together by using what is now known as “Bubble Transition Zone”. This makes it function like an advanced variety of a one-piece bat.

TPX Baseball Bats are made out of composite materials and the famous Louisville stiff handle. These are tolerable ranging from $250 and go up too $400.
Although they give an appearance of a one-piece bat and are marketed as such, the TPX Baseball Bats are in reality three-piece bats fused as one. This gives it an edge in the performance, as they are lighter and easier to handle.
The Louisville TPX Baseball Bats are thus quality bats that have been made with the latest of the technology and best quality materials. They have a large size barrel, which not only makes it appealing but also makes it easy to hit well. Besides that, it appears to be well designed and durable
Every piece of TPX Baseball Bats is made of high-quality ultra light material such as titanium and many advanced alloys. A Number of state the art machining techniques like a CNC laser cutting machine to give a fine web of metal that is lightweight and strong. It also has a number of shock absorbing qualities. This web is subsequently filled with high-grade composite material like carbon fibre and then these two are fused together to form one entity, under intense pressure and heat.
The resulting material has exceptional qualities that are a mix of the metallic strengths and of lightweight ness of the composites. they have superiors torsion characteristics, and the flexibility of various composite material used. This also helps dampen the vibration at the point of impact. The material that goes into making of every one of the TPX Baseball Bats is also used in many applications, especially high intensity sports. This can also be seen in the equipment that is being used in various other games such as tennis, cycling, golf, lacrosse, and baseball.

In baseball, the TPX Baseball Bats made by Louisville slugger manufactured the famous TPX Exogrid baseball bat that uses the exclusive Exogrid technology. It has been also been said that the bat has a handle which is stiffer than the other bats of similar type. This helps in propelling the ball harder and to a large distance. Thus The TPX Baseball Bats are a perfect baseball accessory for the seasoned players as well as beginners alike.

TIG WELDING ALUMINUM TIPS AND TRICKS

TIG welding aluminum is not as easy as it appears all sounds. It would require a lot of experience and patience if you want to do well in this field. The training of TIG welding aluminum itself is quite complex and needs expert guidance so that the finer points are grasped properly.
Here are some of the points that need to be that in mind during the course of welding. Most of the welding inverters come in the range of 115v or 230v power and it becomes very difficult for new personal to start welding on the thick aluminum castings using less amperage. In this case, the famous TIG welding aluminum trick is to understand that the 200 amps would make it possible for you to weld smarter and not hotter. Therefore, instead of aiming at setting the amp on high of 275 it is better to preheat the aluminum plates before starting to weld. It would drastically reduce amperage required and would achieve the desired results.
Some of the Other Tricks of TIG Welding Aluminum -
Made use of the gas grill for pre heating the various plates before trying to weld them. A cheap grill that is that is kept aside for this purpose is quite a good idea. Alternatively, Wrap the part that needs welding in an aluminum foil and keep it on a stove for a short time before you start welding.
Another tip that helps in reducing the amperage during welding is to use an argon/helium gas in an 80/20 or 50/50 ratio. The helium content in it is the one that makes all the difference. It would lead to less amperage, and as a bonus, the aluminum is liquefied quicker and remains cleaner than with just pure argon. Also, use as small a Tig cup that is possible during the welding. This is so because it requires less of shielding gas.
By following these little hints during welding, you would be surprised when you would be able to carry out the job at as low as 170 amps, despite the part being welded as massive.
TIG Welding Aluminum Training
It is important to carry out a formal training in TIG welding aluminum by starting on mild steel without using the filler material. Thereafter, start with running the Weld beads along with the filler metal. In addition, at the end, focus on the corner joints, lap joints, edge welds, butt joints, tee joints, in various positions.
In a conventional TIG welding aluminum curriculum, the part where Welding Aluminum is to be done is carried out only once the pupil has mastered the technique on steel since it is as aluminum is a much harder metal to weld than stainless steel or mild steel.
By following his techniques of TIG welding aluminum, the student would learn the right way of saving on material as well as carrying out the job, which looks perfect without any blemishes. It would also make the students more confident in handling any of the TIG welding aluminum tasks besides leading to enormous savings in the terms of welding effort and electricity.

6 STRING BANJO AND THE UNMATCHED QUALITY OF ITS MUSIC

The 6 String Banjo is a marvelous instrument with an unmatched quality of music that goes along with any type of a compliment. It is played at many occasions and with many other types of instruments too. Most of the rock bands these days have rediscovered the delicacy of the refined quality of its music and are using it extensively in their compositions. From the humble beginnings, the 6 String Banjo has finally come into its own.
The original banjos used to be very different from what a 6 String Banjo looks like. They were rather primitive with long necks larger heads and the inability to create intricate music was not as much. On its part, it does not matter if the person playing the Banjo is left handed or right handed. It can be easily learnt by anyone who has the perseverance and dedication. The 6 String Banjo that is used so often today provides an astonishing range of music when played by an expert.
As far as the construction of Banjo is concerned, the quality and depth of its music is somewhat dependent upon the length of its neck. This is the reason because of which you find Banjos with varying neck lengths along with a adjustment mechanism. In addition, the quality of wood that goes into making of a 6 String Banjo sets its tonal quality.
Banjos can be made from hard woods as well as soft. The quality of sound varies accordingly. For example, mahogany being a soft wood, results in a soft mellow tone, whereas when walnut, which is a hard wood is used, the sound as well as the quality are both much crisper and clearer. What sets the Banjo apart also depends upon the special skill of its player. Learning 6 String Banjo is not as easy as many other instruments and requires a lot of dedication and hard work.
The quality of its music also depends upon many other factors like the way the strings are set, the proper pitch, as well as quality of pegs. The bridge that goes into making it must be adjustable. The 6 String Banjo resembles a guitar very much. It is a fact that when its strings are adjusted adequately, it can be made to sound exactly like a guitar. However, what makes all the difference is the ability of its player who can perform intricate and detailed music that cannot be equated by that of any other instrument. The 6 String Banjo, when used by an expert, is quite capable of emitting ethereal sounds and tones.
However before buying the 6 String Banjo, one needs to look out for many things so that right kind of bargain can be made. The most important fact that has to be remembered is that the characteristic of this instrument affects not only the quality of the sound but also the level of protection that can be attained. There appears to be a fine connection between the instrument and the player. The most important point that one must remember is that nothing can be better than learning the technique the proper way from a master.

JORDAN BASEBALL CLEATS FOR GOOD PERFORMANCE

For a serious sportsmen and it is very important that the equipment that they use is appropriate in every way. Therefore, for a baseball player, the right kind of bats, gloves, and cleats makes all the difference. If there is a compromise of any of these items, his game will suffer.
Therefore, it is important that only the best of all available equipment be purchased. Baseball cleats from one of the most important accessory for baseball players because it keeps them stable. Baseball cleats are nine in number and made in the pattern in such a manner that they improve the traction, give stability to the player so that he can run better, and perform well in the game. Most of the good equipment manufacturers make the shoes, which have good quality cleats. However, Jordan baseball cleats made by Nike are very famous and liked by all. Almost every player wants to have shoes with the name of the famous Jordan baseball cleats.
Jordan baseball cleats are top of rack item, which have a very comfortable grip on any type of surface. This is very important because when it rains the ground becomes slippery, wet, and soggy. At such time, good-quality cleats will ensure that the player does not slip and hurt himself.
A Good-quality shoe with Jordan baseball cleats also provides protection to the players feet since it is made with advanced technology that ensures that the shoes fit the player perfectly, especially around the contours of his feet. This is the main reason why the best of baseball players do not compromise with anything but the best quality Nike shoes with Jordan baseball cleats.
The teams Nike shoe with Jordan baseball cleats are one of the best products that are available in the market. They come in very attractive designs, which make them very fashionable too, and the players want to be seen wearing them. There is a wide range to choose from and the products are available in various colors and designs that would suit any taste. Not only that, the price range varies from economical to very expensive, and one can easily choose from the price range that is the most suitable to them.
Jordan baseball cleats helps in making the players dominate the game because of the comfort as well as stability that it provides. Not only this, baseball cleats also gave a certain level of confidence to the user, which in turn makes them perform better.
Jordan baseball cleats can be in various colors like Brown, black, gray and white. However, white colored cleats quite in vogue as it goes well with any other attire. These are made of very soft and synthetic rubber or leather, which do not compromise on the comfort level. In fact, it goes a long way in ensuring that the player is comfortable throughout the game and gives out of a performance.
The ventilated mesh technology allows the shoes to remain airy and comfortable. Therefore, if athletes are serious about comfort and high-performance then there is no compromise for the Jordan baseball cleats.

PLASTIC CANVAS BOOKS AND ITS ADVANTAGES

Many people are fond of various hobbies that gave a vent to their creativity. Some of them become so good at these hobbies that it becomes a very lucrative business for them and earns them good money. Working with Plastic canvas is one such hobby that is fast catching on as more and more people are coming to know about it.
What Is Plastic Canvas?
Essentially, it is a form of craft material that is lightweight made of plastic sheets, which have holes placed in it at regular intervals. The thickness of this plastic sheet can be different depending upon the type of the use. It is also popularly known as vinyl sheet.
Plastic Canvas Books
These are the books made with plastic sheets. These are either made with embroidery, knitting or simply by painting. Most of the bookmakers these days are coming out with Plastic canvas books since their demand is picking up.
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Plastic Canvas Books
The biggest advantage of these books is that it is much more durable than a normal book has it is not susceptible to the action of termites or bookworms or even the weather, since water would have no effect on them. Many old books are being converted into Plastic canvas books because of precisely this reason.
The Plastic canvas books also look very colorful and can be given as a gift all and appropriate occasion like a birthday on an anniversary, depending upon the taste of the individual. These are available in many titles and cover all types of choices that a person can have. Therefore, they form a very good gift items that are something different from the ordinary.
One small disadvantage these books have is that they need slightly more space to store and of course are costlier than the normal books.
Usage of the Plastic Canvas Books
As brought out earlier, originally the Plastic canvas books started as a hobby that gave a vent to many people’s creativity by making them experiment with all types of materials like acrylic, embroidery, colored plastic threads, etc... These days however, many well-known names in the world of printing and publishing books are coming out with limited editions of such books too.


Popularity of Plastic Canvas Books
The use of Plastic canvas books is still in the nascent stages and not a full-fledged activity since it is confined to a few hobbyists and the printing houses who are trying to promote them. These are made using are very thin film of its basic craft material, that is the plastic sheet which has regularly spaced perforations and subsequently it is bound together by a special process of weaving through the holes on the sides using a plastic thread. The plastic sheet that is used in making the book can be either plain transparent or can be many colored as per the requirement. It makes it look custom made and very attractive.
We get quite a good variety such books on the Internet that can be purchased from many such online stores at bargain prices.

WHITE SUMMER DRESS FOR CASUAL WEAR

With the onset of summer, we look for clothes that are comfortable as well as easy to wear. Now a days there is a big demand for light shades that look good during the summer months especially when we wear them without an overcoat or a cardigan to cover it. Because of this, the white summer dress is becoming fashionable with many designers try to experiment with the white and its various shades.

A white summer dress looks good at any occasion be it of former function like a marriage, a party, or an office meeting; and they are certainly the most preferred choice as a casual wear.
Advantages of a White Summer Dress
The white summer dress has many advantages because it suits all occasions and makes you look stylish as well as casual. It lends itself to many types of designs and can be mixed with many colors to give a very light and sprightly appearance.
It seems pleasingly to the eyes and gives a boost to your personality. The biggest advantage however is that it can be matched with any type of other attire and fashion accessories like jewellery, barrels, sandals, stilettos, shoes, leather purses, handbags, etc. It is very versatile and suits all tastes and occasions.
Health Benefits
Besides the advantages listed above, the white summer dress also has many health benefits in the sense that it absorbs the sunlight optimally and has beneficial effects on your skin. It also reduces sweating thus keeps the body healthy and well ventilated all the time.
Fashion Designing and Summer Dresses
Many well-known fashion houses, and the biggest labels tend to create very attractive designs of white summer dress in various fashion shows because it blends so well with all types of designs and colors. We find increasing number of white colored clothes and many a white summer dress is made in the most delicate designs with thin straps, and mixed with feminine colors to suit a taste of the fashion conscious modern women.
Printing is the essence of creativity and the white summer dress can be printed all types of designs that help making or type of clothes to suit the occasion. These range from simple looking kaftans to the most delicate Lingerie. There is not a single piece of apparel that cannot be made with white colored fabric and hence, this makes these summer dresses most versatile of all.
Many a fashion designers put up special events to display their summer collection. One would see that quite a lot of the designs and dresses that they create are made with various types of white fabric. The dresses that are created for summer are mixed with shades of pink, light blues and green colors that make them pleasing to the eyes and are coveted by many. Not only that, white summer dress also goes well which the hot and bold colors and is therefore a preferred choice for any occasion be it an evening ensemble, office or beachwear.

WOMENS CYCLING SHORTS SHOPPING GUIDE

Many women are taking up cycling as a sport. For this reason, there is a spurt in the market in the cycling accessories especially created for women. As far as wearing a good cycling gear is concerned, it is a balance between the necessity, comfort, and fashion. A good quality gear can improve the performance tremendously, while at the same time a badly fitting sports gear could do more damage to the body than any good.
Cycling shorts are the leg wear worn by the cyclists, also sometimes referred to as bike shorts, are used both by men and by women alike. However, they are not similar in many ways. Womens cycling shorts are tighter fitting with the aim to reduce air resistance and protect the skin. It also takes the moisture away and keeps the skin cool. Earlier the cycling apparel was made of wool but these days new material called Spandex is generally used. The area around the crotch and seat is made of synthetic chamois.
Womens cycling shorts are available in many shapes and styles. . Many cyclists wear them alone with no underwear beneath it but it is always advisable to wear good quality underwear. Some of the womens cycling shorts comprise more than single panel, which makes them and fit better, although they turn out to be more expensive.
Their can be various types of womens cycling shorts. For example, bib shorts, which have suspenders to hold them up instead of the normal waistband. This is preferred because elastic waistband sometimes causes discomfort while riding. Many women cyclists therefore prefer bib type of shorts to the non-bib type. Polyester and Spandex are the basic material for making these shorts.
Similarly, there are baggy shorts that look like any ordinary pair short but have a chamois lining on the inner side. They are more fashionable since they have a sleek design as compared to the other variety of shorts. Womens cycling shorts keep their upper leg muscles or the quadriceps tight. It has no effect on t the blood flow, but provides greater endurance while cycling. Once the cycling shorts are put on, care should be taken that Lycra is worn round the belly button and either kept there or folded down around hips.
Care should be taken while choosing the womens cycling shorts. These days manufactures like Pearl Izumi, Nashbar, Performance, etc make the best quality items. However, while choosing them, do make sure that the support given by them at the seat area is good. Padded shorts generally offer the support as well as make you remain comfortable during cycling, peculiarly during long rides. While purchasing these womens cycling shorts, one must turn them inside out and check out the stitching. The stitching around the padding must of high standard. Some womens cycling shorts come with Gel inside and are considered good. The presence of gel inside helps in isolating the vibrations thus providing comfort during the ride. For those with different or non-standard shapes there are customized types of womens cycling shorts (these are also called specialized bike shorts)

WAVERLY WINDOW TREATMENTS FOR HOMES

Decoration of your home is one of the most important things that come to mind when you occupy a new house. There are many ready to use designs that you may consider for every aspect of the interiors. Also, consult a number of friends and relatives or some interior decorators, or browse through the multitude of books on the subject, to come to some conclusion as to how you should go about it.
Window treatments are the coverings such as drapes, curtains and blinds placed over the windows that help in controlling the amount for sunlight and air entering the room. Depending on the type of treatment, it can completely block out the sun or filter the sunlight through with ease. In case you are living in areas where there is a marked increase or decrease in day and night temperatures you may like to have something that would make this variation gradual so that becomes comfortable; and at the same time make your house look more appealing without spoiling the aesthetic beauty of the architecture.
Waverly is one of the companies that specializes in home designs and Waverly window treatments offer some of the best type choices for all type of users.
Besides other things, Waverly window treatments consist of panels and valances. They have their own staff along with dedicated designers to guide you through the entire process by which your home can be instantly transformed by using their expertise. Waverly window treatments are made is such a way that they are ready to use for fitting without any alterations or extra touches. The quality of Waverly window treatments is superb and their designs very contemporary and long-lasting
Waverly window treatments offer a vast variety of fabric collections that would suit all types of décor and tastes. The emphasis is extreme clarity and perfection. They had very heavy material of curtains to offer so that it is possible to shut out the sunlight completely. The drapes used during Waverly window treatments are made to perfection and incorporate some of the best designs and colors. It is very important to study your requirements so that you can mutually arrive at the decision as to the type of treatment that would be best for your requirements.
Waverly window treatments also offer a wide range of lighter materials when you wish to have some sunlight filtering through. The curtain material is generally made of cotton so that it is very easy to wash them. They also come in very pleasing colors that suits all type of surroundings. The panels used for Waverly window treatments help in giving the room a touch of luxury and comfort. These panels give an aesthetic touch to your house and make it stand out. Waverly window treatments use panels made of plastics, bamboo, paper, and jute. These panels are very convenient to install and easy to use. They offer flexibility and are reusable as long as they are looked after well. They are very easy to use and are available in very colorful designs and materials.

PRESTIGE CAR ALARM AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Safety is one of the prime concerns of every individual these days. Due to the wide gap between that have and have-nots, it is important to secure whatever belongings we have so that there is no major loss because of lack of concern. We find people having alarm systems at home, office, malls, etc to ward off any attempt of robbery and theft...

Because of the fact that we move with our car very often from one place to another, the chances of its theft increase because sometimes and we leave it unattended for a long time. Therefore, there is a need to have a secure alarm system place in the car. Prestige car alarm is made by one of the pioneers in the technology of creating the best of alarm systems using the latest of gadgetry. They have a good review of their system by everyone because of its simplicity and dependability. This is why; it is one of the most reliable security devices available in the market.
A Prestige car alarm device mostly incorporates electronic instruments that are wired in such a manner that they give a signal whenever anyone tries to gain unauthorized access to the car controls, and this helps to keep away thefts. Some of the Prestige car alarm settings are so powerful that the alarm sets off even when someone is much as touches the car. It then makes a loud, blaring noise with a view to call the attention of those around in the vicinity and acts as a deterrent for anyone with the intention to steal the car.
The Prestige car alarm has two variations. The simpler one is of the type that is it gives out loud sound when someone tries to enter it in an unauthorized manner. This type of alarm system is most common and one finds it in almost every car. Not only that, it is also quite economical and easy to maintain. The other type of Prestige car alarm is more complex and costly. It involves a tracking system, by which the whereabouts of the car are constantly monitored therefore in an event of its loss; it can be easily traced down and recovered.

Most of the models of the Prestige car alarm come with a wide assortment of features. For example, some of these alarms normally have an extra radio receiver that gives an additional control by providing the owner an ability to set the alarm levels. It makes it possible to have them in armed or disarmed mode.

Prestige car alarm is well known for their enhanced technology and the quality of equipment that makes them one of the best in this field. The wide range of Prestige Car Alarm systems that are available in the market have been made all the customers requirements in mind and can be afforded by everyone. It is important that having spent so much amount on the purchase of a car, one goes in and installs one of the Prestige car alarm for ensuring its safety.

Smartphone Apps – Five Top picks

Smartphones are the future of communications. We already notice its increasing impact on our daily lives as far as keeping in touch with the world on the go is concerned.

Smartphone applications or simply Apps, are your window to the world and reflect your personal tastes and choices.

What are Apps?

Smartphone Apps are the customized programs that make the smartphone experience worthwhile by giving you easy accessibility to various functions that ease your mobile experience. They can be loaded on any mobile, be it BlackBerry, iPhone, Droid, or any other smart phone. They increase the accessibility to various multimedia services like hooking on to the internet, directly connecting to the facebook, reading your email directly while on the move, etc. These Apps help in customizing your mobile and make it nothing short of a computer on the move.

While you get many packaged along with the phone when you buy it, there are many that you can download from various online stores. The best part of Smartphone Apps is that most of them are free. For e.g. Apple’s on line store has around 200,000 apps you could download. Similarly Google’s Android store boasts of around 600,000! There are many others that have various unique Smartphone Applications that would attract any user.

Here is a list of five top Apps that are a must for any smartphone enthusiast -

SPB TV – This is the top pick for Windows Mobile Smartphone and gives you streaming TV channels of your choice.

Viigo – Are you fond of keeping in touch with the latest news from various news channels? If so, this is the app for you. It also provides Twitter updates.

Slacker Radio – Just like the more famous app Pandora, this app helps you customize your phone to double up as a radio station. Its free version has almost four million songs and with the paid service you could also get many interesting add-ons.

Dolphin Web Browser — A multi touch browser that makes surfing on Android phones faster.

Dragon Dictation — This is a voice-command app that allows the users to dictate messages and converts them into text.

Smartphone Apps are intrinsic to improving your social networking and entertainment experience on the mobile. They allow you to experience the full feature capability of your mobile and make an enriching contribution to your life.

Advantages of Portable Fitness Equipment

Portable Fitness Equipment are the best answer to keeping yourself fit. It helps you in following your training workouts religiously.

Many of us find it very difficult to go to a gym regularly. It may be because of many reasons like location of a good gym, cost factor, etc. One of the most common reasons is frequent traveling. Portable fitness equipment is the best solution to this.

For those who view portable equipment as a few contraptions of springs and light resistance bands, it would be news to know that the technology has evolved a lot and today you get a variety ofequipment that can give your body an all round workout that is no less in any way than that at any well equipped full-fledged gym. Using portable fitness equipment you would easily be able to achieve your aim of an overall workout right in the comfort of your home and attain your goal, be it increasing the overall appearance and strength and fitness or an increase in performance in any sports activity, or a simple cardiovascular exercise.

Advantages of Portable Fitness Equipment

1. With this equipment you can follow up your routine training without any break, hence it is a better form of work-out to improve your health.
2. You can choose the activity that is personalized for you and can get help online to derive maximum benefit, under expert supervision.
3. There is a huge variety of portable fitness equipment to choose from, depending upon your choice as well as budget.
4. You can follow a routine exercise program without having to bother about the timings and dress codes associated with a normal gym.
5. The overall weight of any equipment is very less ( around 1 lb to 2.5 lbs ) and can fit in a very small pouch that can be easily carried anywhere.

Variety of Portable Fitness Equipment

There is a large variety to choose from. Some of the commonly used items are:

* Jungle Gym: Used for complete weight training exercises like push ups, leg curls, core roll-outs, runners, etc.
* TNT Cable: Used for resistance training that includes squats, cable cleans, presses, full extensions, Russian twists, resisted running, diagonal lifts, backpedaling, rows etc.
* Power Jump Rope: This is ideal for overall conditioning of the entire body.
* Power Push up: This has been voted as the best exercise equipment as per the Men’s Fitness magazine. It has adjustable resistance key for push ups.
* The Power Jumper: This is a Jump Training device that is simple in usage and is one of the best weight training equipment available in the market today.

Portable Fitness Equipment makes daily workouts easy and makes it simpler to adhere to goal setting charts. It makes it possible to train anywhere, anytime and leads to complete body fitness.

How to Know a PTC/Paid Scam Site

Most PTC sites / online survey sites are fraud. How to find out whether these schemes are worth what they say?

These days we find a lot of people turn to the Internet to make some extra money in their spare time by going into paid sites that offer various schemes like PTC ( paid to click ) and online surveys besides other “get rich quick” schemes. Not many sites are honest in their payment policies or promises and are there only to serve their own purpose. In fact, generally, most PTC sites are fraud and many people waste a lot of time and money on such sites to realize later that they had been taken for a ride.

How to find out whether these schemes are worth what they say?

A very quick guide to it is an analysis of the following :-

1. High Pay Out Rates : if they are very high one should be suspicious. No PTC site can afford to pay more than a few cents per click. Anyone who offers more than that should not be believed. Some of the sites promise ridiculous amount like $1, $10, €100, $50 etc. these sites are hundred percent hoax.
2. The Advertisement Rates Are Very Low : most of the spam sites have very low advertisement rates and at the same time very high payouts. This makes them non-sustainable and hence one should not join them.
3. No User Forum : if the site has no user forum, it has no openness policy and does not encourage discussion between the users. One should not join them.
4. Details Of Owner Of The Site : in case the details are not given, one should never join such sites. It is almost hundred per cent a hoax.
5. Low Rates For Premium Membership : this is a very well-known ploy to siphon out your hard earned money. Most users do not mind paying a very small amount of a few dollars to become premium members but end up losing even that much.
6. Check Out Every Site Before Joining : Type “Is+(sitename)+scam+?” in google search and you’ll come across lot of results. Checkout the same but don’t get carried away by few good testimonials. Some of them are hoax. Carry out a proper analyses before joining.

Lastly, remember there is no quick and easy way to success. One has to work hard even on PTC and survey sites. Be prepared for spending a few hours daily in case you really want to make some money by these methods.

Jumpstart Your Sex Life – Re-Ignite Your Flagging Sexual Libido

Re-ignite Your Passions and Sex Drive

Flagging sexual libido has become a major sexual issue and a cause of distress for couples these days. Earlier, this problem was associated with advanced age but these days it is alarming to see that increasing number of younger generation are falling prey to it.

When couples fall in love, they cannot keep their hands off each other. But generally is such a honeymoon does not last too long as either or both the partners’ libido tends to go on a decline for one reason or the other.

This leads to a feeling of rejection and being unloved. If the problem is not controlled at initial stages, it spirals down to bigger problems often leading to breakups.

What are the reasons for lowering sexual libido?

It is unbelievable that a person we loved so much at one time suddenly stops being attractive or desirable. Therefore, one has to understand that there have to be certain reasons, which need addressing at the earliest.

There can be many reasons, but the most common ones are –

Relationships. If couples are in an abusive or unhappy relationship, it is unlikely that they will be like having sex.

Stress. Overwork and work-related related stress either at the office or at home is another big issue that comes between great sexual relationships.

Medicines. There are many medications that can affect sex drive – these can be antidepressants, tranquillizers, steroids, medicines for BP, etc.

Physical Illness. When we are physically ill, the last thing on our mind is sex. Chronic illness results in worry, depression, anxiety, and finally a total disinterest in sex.

Diversions. Being in love with someone else, despite being in relationship with the other can lead to a disinterest in sex.

Remedial Measures.

Loss of libido is not an illness; it can be easily overcome provided one is sincere towards trying to working out a relationship. The trick is to identify and address the root cause of the problem – not the symptoms. Whatever happens, one should never try to give the blame to the partner for this is a problem that needs to work out together. Some of the methods to kick-start your sex lives are:-

Dialogue. It is surprising that the simplest and easiest of the solutions is also generally the most neglected one. Instead of talking to the partner, we talk to everyone else, which does not help in any case.

It is amazing how to people who spend so much time together have no idea what the other one is thinking. Therefore, a meaningful dialogue to discuss all the expectations and issues is the best solution to overcome such a situation.

Physical Fitness. As brought out earlier, if we are ill it takes a toll on sex life. One has to physically fit and strong and should therefore do regular exercise and lead healthy life.

Relaxation. Overwork is also one of the killers of good relationship. It is imperative that a person is relaxed in order to be romantic.

Spending Time Together. One always spends more time together in a relationship that is new, but tends to forget this basic fact and takes each other for granted as the days go. However, one should be very conscious of it and should try to find ways and means to spend time together. A Short weekend outing is a very good way of overcoming whatever tensions have happened over the week!

A Healthy and Nourishing Diet. Good diet has an important role to play for a good sexual relationship. Certain food items are known to give a boost to libido. These are chocolates, avocados, mangoes, peaches, strawberries, pineapples etc.

In addition, items like flex seeds that contain essential fatty acids, zinc rich foods like oysters, red meat, sesame seeds, and yoghurt are good for and increased sexual libido.

Counseling. At times, relationships are spoiled to such an extent that the meaningful dialogue is impossible between the couple, in such cases. One should never hesitate in going together for a professional counseling.

Ladakh - Little Tibet

Ladakh is the most remote region of India. Often celebrated as a last outpost of Tibetan civilization, it is north of the Himalaya, on what is known geographically as the Tibetan Plateau. It is often described in travel literature as a mysterious, inaccessible frontier--a "Little Tibet."

Since 1974 it has been open to outside visitors. It does bear a close cultural as well as geographical resemblance to old Tibet--a Tibet which, though still alive in the hearts of countless Tibetans both inside and outside their country, has physically ceased to exist since the Chinese occupation. Along with Sikkim and Bhutan, and remote parts of Nepal, Ladakh is one of the last places where Tibetan Buddhism* continues to be practiced--uninterrupted for over 1000 years (Janet Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia, 2).
* (All four Tibetan Buddhist lineages - Ngingmapa, Kugandpa, Saskaypa, and Gelugpa - are still practiced in Ladakh.)

An autonomous region of the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture which was established as early as the 2nd century. This has aptly been given the appellation "Little Tibet", as it has strongly been influenced by the culture of Tibet.

Situated in the lap of the great Himalayas at an altitude ranging from 9,000 ft (2,750 m) at Kargil to 25,170 ft (7,672 m) at Saser Kangri in the Karakoram, Ladakh is bordered by Pakistan in the northwest, Chinese province of Sinking in the north and Tibet in the east. Leh is its capital city that lies at an altitude of 3,500 meters and is famous for its fascinating culture and Buddhist monasteries.

Topographical Highlights

Ladakh means "land of high passes". It is a region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir of Northern India sandwiched between the Karakoram mountain range to the north and the Himalayas to the south.is India’s highest plateau (much of it being over 3,000 m), spanning the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges and the upper Indus River valley.

It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in India. Historically, Ladakh consists of a number of distinct areas, including the fairly populous main Indus valley, the more remote Zanskar (in the south) and Nubra valleys (to the north over Khardung La ), the almost deserted Aksai Chin (under Chinese rule) and Kargil and Suru Valley areas in the west (Kargil being the second most important town in Ladakh). Before partition, Baltistan (now under Pakistani rule) was one of the districts of Ladakh. Skardu was the winter capital of Ladakh while Leh was the summer capital.

The mountain ranges in this region were formed over a period of 45 million years by the folding of the Indian plate into the stationary landmass of Asia. The drift continues and causing frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region.. The peaks in the Ladakh range are at a medium altitude close to the Zoji-la (5,000-5,500 metres, 16,000 - 18,050 ft), and increase towards south-east, reaching a climax in the twin summits of Nun-Kun (7000 m, 23,000 ft).

FLORA and FAUNA

There are hardly any trees and vegetation in sight in much of Ladakh, except for the few narrow valleys, where wild roses, willow groves and some herbs could be seen. However, above that, due to the rapid decrease in temperature, vegetation becomes stunted and sparse. The fauna of Ladakh have much in common with that of Central Asia generally, and especially those of the Tibetan Plateau. An exception to this are the birds, many of which migrate from the warmer parts of India to spend the summer in Ladakh. For such an arid area, Ladakh has a great diversity of birds — a total of 225 species have been recorded.

Climate

The aridity of Ladakh is due to its location in the rain shadow area of the Great Himalayas, as well as because of its elevation and the radiation of heat from the bare soil. The most striking physical feature of Ladakh, however, is the parallelism of its mountain ranges. In Ladakh, large rivers and their tributaries have carved deep gorges far below their steep banks. However, their water is not of much use, as the terraced fields lie high above the gorges. The region is extremely dry, with rainfall as low as 10 cm each year. The Suru valley receives comparatively higher degree of humidity in the form of heavy winter snowfall due to the cohesion of the snow-covered wall of the Greater Himalayas, and vegetation here is more luxuriant than in Eastern Ladakh. The upper Suru Valley, in particular, has extensive alpine pastures, which attract large flocks of the Bakarwal herdsmen from the Jammu hills every summer.

Places to visit

Ladakh is a beautiful blend of nature, culture and adventure. It is a paradise for nature lovers, culture travelers and adventure seekers. It has enchanting beautiful snow-capped peaks, lush valleys, spectacular waterfalls, and thrilling trekking routes.

It has a number of famous palaces, monasteries and gompas which include the 17th century Leh Palace, Stok Palace, Thiksey Monastery, Likir Monastery, Hemis Gompa, Namgyal Tsemo Gompa and Shanti Stupa.

Ladakh is known for its untouched natural beauty, fascinating colorful culture, amazing Buddhist monasteries and thrilling trekking and hiking trails.

When to Visit

The best time to visit Ladakh is during the summer months (June-August), as winter temperatures may plummet to minus 20 degree Celsius even in Leh. The main trekking season in Ladakh is from the beginning of June to the end of September. During these months the days become hot in low valleys, warm in higher elevations and the nights are cool. From late September to late October the days stay pleasantly warm but get shorter and nights become progressively colder.

How to Reach

The most convenient way to reach Leh Ladakh is through a flight. Flying over the dramatic expanse of the Himalayas with breathtaking mountain views promises to be a truly unforgettable experience.

Before the use of aircrafts, Ladakh could only be reached by road. The main land approach to Ladakh is the 434 km Srinagar-Leh highway, with Kargil en route. For the most part, this road follows the historic trade route, thus giving travellers a glimpse of villages that are historically and culturally important. The most dramatic part of the road journey to Kargil is the ascent up the Zoji La pass (14,000 ft) in the Great Himalayan Range that serves as the gateway to Ladakh. More recently, the Manali-Leh road, crossing several high passes including Tanglang La (18,200 ft), has started serving as a second artery of commuting between Ladakh and the rest of India. To the north lie the Saser La and Karakoram passes, gateways to Central Asia from where trading caravans used to come for many centuries.

Tourism & Adventure

Thanks to the growing mystique of the Himalayas and a burgeoning interest in adventure tourism worldwide, there has been a steady increase in the number of tourists to the Western flank of Ladakh, which comprises several river valleys.

Chief among these are the spectacular valleys of Suru and Zanskar, nestling along the foothills of the main range of the Greater Himalayas; the smaller lateral valleys of Dras and Wakha-Mulbek, as also of Chiktan (still in the restricted zone) constitute important subsidaries. Drained and formed by the southeastern tributaries of the high Indus, these valleys constitute the district of Kargil.

Itinerary

The itinerary of the average tourist to Ladakh begins with a tour of Leh, the ancient capital and principal township of Ladakh. It invariably includes visits to a selection of monasteries located along a stretch of the Central Indus Valley, between the spectacular monastery of Lamayuru in the west and the prestigious establishment of Hemis in the east. Some take to trekking along the lateral valleys, especially in Markha, but few venture out of the confines of the central Indus valley, which represents Ladakh's heartland.

Several outfits in India and abroad organize long treks and tours in the region. There are a select few companies specializing in organizing mountaineering expeditions to the Nun-Kun region and the Zanskar Mountains.

People

The inhabitants of Ladakh are distinct from other parts of India. The faces and physique of Ladakhis, and the clothes they wear are more akin to those of Tibet and central Asia. In eastern and central Ladakh, today’s population seems to be mostly of Tibetan origin. Further west, in and around Kargil, there is much in the people’s appearance that suggests a mixed origin. The Ladakhi people are a hospitable, smiling, hardy lot, friendly and open.

Buddhism reached Tibet from India via Ladakh, and there are ancient Buddhist rock engravings all over the region, even in areas like Drass and the lower Suru Valley which today are inhabited by an exclusively Muslim population.

Islam came from the west. A peaceful penetration, its success was guaranteed by the early conversion of the sub-rulers of Dras, Kargil and the Suru Valley.

These valleys sustain an exclusively agrarian population of about 80,000 people who cultivate the land available along the course of the drainage system, wherever sources for artificial irrigation are available. The majority of the population is Muslim. Descendants of missionaries of Kashmir who introduced Islam, locally called Aghas, still hold sway over the population, perpetuating the faith even as ancient folk traditions with Buddhist and animistic undertones are palpably present. Many folk traditions, particularly those connected with the agricultural cycle, are still followed with subdued reverence.

Villages in Ladakh

In such an inhospitable climate and desert land, a village must centre around a stream. The streams here come from the glaciers of the higher reaches and form parts of rivers most of which eventually flow into the Indus. Wherever a stream roams through a broadening valley, it is possible to lay a series of terraced fields, which can be irrigated in turn by directing the water supply into small artificial water courses.

Tourist Information

The main centres of tourist information in Ladakh are the J&K Tourist Offices at Leh & Kargil; the Kargil office also has a branch at padum (Zanskar). These offices help tourists prepare detailed itineraries to suite different pockets, preferences and time-frames. Tourists going on climbing expeditions, hard trekking, white water rafting etc. are advised to keep the nearest Tourist Office informed of their travel plan and routes:-

Leh
Dy. Director Tourism, Leh-(Ladakh) 194101
Tel: 01982-252297, 252095

Kargil
Tourist Officer, Kargil (Ladakh) 194103
Tel: 01985-232721, 232266 Fax: 01985-232266

or Contact the J&K Tourist Offices at :-

New Delhi
Room No 14/15 Front Wing,
Hotel Janpath,
New Delhi-110001
E-mail: delhi@jktourism.org.

Mumbai
25, North Wing, World Trade Centre,
Cuffee Parade, Colaba, Tel: 22189040.
Fax: 22186172.

Kolkata
12, Chowringhee,
Tel: 22285791. Fax: 22281950.

Chennai
II Floor, 36/36-A
North usman Road,
Tel/Fax: 044-28235958

Basics - How to Monetize Your Website

Monetize your website means making it earn money by visits of the internet community. One can earn a lot of money by smart and intelligent placing of the advertisements based on proper analysis; by discretely integrating advertisements with the content of the website,

Types of Advertisements:

These are of three types’ viz. Pay-per-impression (CPM), pay-per-click (CPC), and pay-per-action (CPA, CPL, CPS).

Pay-Per-Impression. You are paid with a certain amount of money for every 1000 times an advertisement is displayed to your site visitors. This way to monetize your website however means that payout is not too much and is based on the number of visits your site receives per month. Therefore, it is also known as CPM (Cost per 1000).

Pay-Per-Click Here you can monetize your website better since the payment is based on every time someone clicks on an advert on your site. The payout here is higher than pay-per-impression, but one cannot be sure how many visitors will actually click on the adverts, depends mostly on the niche of the website, and on how relevant are the ads placed on the page content. This is also known as CPC (Cost per click)

Pay-Per-Action. If you wish to monetize your website this way, you only get paid if the visitor you refer goes on to perform some pre-defined action, such as placing an order on the target site. It has the highest payout; this needs a very high level of website traffic. It is also known as CPA (Cost per action), which can further be divided into CPL (Cost per lead) and CPS (Cost per sale).

Out of the above, probably pay-per-click is probably the easiest way to monetize your website and start earning money quickly.

Advertisements used to monetize your website are best placed by incorporating html codes generated after joining some of the popular sites like Google Adwords or by hiring services of other similar providers on the internet or various affiliate programs like Amazon, clickbank, etc.

After reading this you might want to explore some of the PTC sites and monetize your website during some spare time on the internet. However, do be careful when you venture out on your own , MOST PTC SITES are scams and you might end up doing a lot of work without getting paid. Do some researches before joining them.

Traffic Exchange Programs

There are a number of traffic exchange programs on the Internet, each one claiming to have some unique feature by which tries to attract more and more people to sign up.

What exactly are Traffic exchange programs?

Essentially, it is a service by which you register your web site and surf the intranet using that site where they display advertisements in rotation, each one for a fixed short duration. In return, they display your web site to the other members when they surf in similar fashion. Therefore, you receive hits to your sites in return for visiting other members' sites. The number of times your site is shown to others is based on the “credits” that you earn when you view others sites. Traffic exchange programs are normally based on certain ratios that vary from one exchange provider to another and also on the type of membership for which you register. Generally, the ratio is 3:1 or 2:1 for free members and 1:1 for paid members. Credits can also be purchased in case you can pay and do not have time to surf.

Traffic exchange programs can be of two types – Automated and Manual.

In Automated Traffic exchange programs, web sites/advertisements of various members are displayed in rotation after a certain period of time based on a timer function. In manual Traffic exchange programs, the next web site/advertisement is displayed only after the user hits on the “next” button which gets activated based on timer (typically six to 30 seconds). Normally advertisers prefer manual exchanges because in automatic programs there is no guarantee that the advertisements are being viewed since viewers can leave them running in the background while they do some other work.

Some of the Traffic exchange programs also offer small amounts of payments for viewing their sights in addition to the “credits” earned.

Hence, as it would be clear by now these being the fundamentals, the differences in various Traffic exchange programs are basically related to surf timers, credit ratios, Cash offered in addition to credits, bonus credits and incentives, reference commissions, upgrading membership offers, etc. One had to make a choice, based on what each individual’s requirement is.

Therefore, the first choice for Traffic exchange programs is whether to pay and buy credits to showcase your web site/advertisement or to surf and earn these credits. In case one chooses the second option that is to surf and earn credits ( and cash ) again one has to consider whether it would be a special surfing session of a few hours that he/she would like to do or prefer surfing “on the side” while carrying out other work on the Internet.

Five Best Traffic Exchange Sites

( NOTE : Please read Traffic Exchange Fundamentals in case you are new to the concept, before subscribing to any of the programs given below )

I have short listed a few traffic Exchange sites which can be explored in the order of priority as given below ( Note : these are my personal choices and users may make their own decision after experimenting with these or others )

While one can read most of the features in detail on the FAQ section of the site, I will give very brief plus and minus points.

http://www.easyhits4u.com

This is my personal best traffic exchange site. If one had to try just one site, I would recommend this one. It has the following features -

• A great user interface – probably the best.
• offers the best rates for free members.
• Free members can get 2:1 ratio for earning credits on a 15 second timer and 1:1 ratio for 20 second timer which I think is the best I have come across on any site
• It offers cash incentive for surfing too; $0.30 for every 1000 sites which is the best that I have come across.
• Free facility to create Splash pages to personalize advertisement.
• Added incentives like $0.10 for every person you refer who surfs at least 100 sites.
• Credits can be used to display own traffic exchange sites as also to convert them to text ads or banner ads. Each credit converts to a number of text banner ads.

http://ad-ventures4u.com

I have put this traffic exchange site on the second place because of its great user interface and also the fact that this is, strictly speaking, a very nice site to earn money. It does a great job of traffic exchange but the main advantage is the “ventures” which one purchases in order to make a steady income. While the details are on its web site, some of the outstanding features of this traffic exchange site are –

• Surfing 25 sites per day is an essential activity which one has two to even after becoming Pro member. Therefore, interests of free members are also kept in mind. Free members earn credits by surfing sites with 10-second timer.
• It has the most user-friendly timer and the fastest traffic exchange site. You can earn more credits in less time.
• For earning, the smallest venture package is $10, which will buy 10 ventures. Earning is very high and if one wants to experiment, I suggest this is the amount one should start with although there are options for more amounts.
• However, for free members the biggest advantage is a very high Traffic exchange because of higher number of credits in short time and also very good monitoring of hits on your site.
• Free members earn 15% referral commissions traffic exchange when they refer someone to ad-ventures that purchases ventures in the company. They will also receive 15% commissions on the weekly earnings of their downline. This again is one of the best offers.

http://www.hitsboosterpro.com

HitsBoosterPro is a free manual traffic exchange, where you receive hits to your sites in return for visiting other members' sites.

• You need to spend at least 6 seconds on each site to receive credits, and every 10 credits you earn are worth one visitor to your site. This effectively means you get one credit for one minute of surfing, which is very less compared, to the other sites as given above. In addition, a click every six seconds ensures that you got to be on the job without diversion. However, in this traffic exchange site can be used to advantage as explained in the last paragraph.
• A big advantage is that you receive 1000 free credits just for signing up
• You need to surf 25 sites to fully activate your account.
• You can also earn extra credits by referring other members.
• Lot of bonus offers while surfing offsets the disadvantage mentioned above.
• When you first join, you will be given a free new member platinum upgrade, which will last 7 days. After that, your account will revert to free status.

http://www.high-hits.com

• As a free member of this traffic exchange site, if you surf 10 sites you will receive 4 hits to your site.
• High Hits uses dynamic surf ratios so as you surf more sites the ratio of hits you receive will increase. The more sites you view the more credits you get.
• There is no money for surfing but Members earn commission when their direct referrals upgrade or purchase credit packages. The amount starts at 10% for free members increasing to 50% for 'High Pro' accounts.

http://www.realhitz4u.com

• This is primarily a traffic exchange site although they do reward you with small cash commissions. Whenever someone that you have referred to RealHitz4u makes a credit purchase or upgrades you will receive a percentage of their purchase.
• Free members earn a base 3:1 visitor ratio i.e. if you view 100 member websites, you will receive 33 page views to your own website.
• However, RealHitz4u rewards active surfers. Be sure to look for your bonus credits where you can win extra hits while surfing.
• If you have a Pro membership of this traffic exchange site, you will earn a 1:1 visitor ratio. If you view 100 sites then you will receive 100 page views to your website.
• RealHitz4u Dynamic surfing or dynamic surf ration simply means the more you surf the more you earn. Your surf ratio will increase with the amount of pages you surf per day. For instance if you surf 200 pages every day you will earn more per page surfed than if you just surfed 200 pages once or twice a week.

Rifle Ammo Information

Ammo is short form of the word Ammunition which in turn is derived from the French word munition. The type of ammunition ranges from smaller caliber weapons like the hand held weapons in the genre of revolvers, pistols and certain rifles to medium caliber automatic and semi automatic rifles and shotguns or the larger caliber artillery guns and special arms.

Munitions on the other hand is a collective term for ammunition and in a broad term it covers all type of materials used in combat and includes bombs, warheads, missiles, mines etc. Ammo or Ammunition also includes those based on the support roles like the pyrotechnic or incendiary types of munitions.

Components of Ammunition

The main components of ammunition are:

• Explosive materials and propellants

• Projectiles of all kinds

• Cartridges

A cartridge is the basic unit of ammo as far as its use in the rifles is concerned and is a combination of the bullet, primer and propellant. On the other hand we also use the term “round", which is synonymous with a cartridge containing a projectile, primer, propellant, and casing.

Design of the Rifle Ammunition

Ammo design is based on the type of role or purpose for which it is used. We get various types of Rifle ammunition which could anti-personnel ammunition, Incendiary projectiles, Tracer ammunition, etc. Generally speaking, the ammo one commonly buys is the one most hobbyists use for game hunting as well as self protection.

Caliber of Rifle Ammo

The caliber of Rifle ammo one selects ranges from the type of usage and the need for accuracy. In guns including firearms, caliber or caliber is the approximate diameter of the barrel and by extension the projectile used in it, measured in inches or millimeters.

For a better performance it is important that a bullet closely matches the groove diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal.

Some Key Rifle Cartridges

If one were to list out some of the most widely used and best cartridges it would read something like this:

• .22 Long Rifle – It is the most popular smallest caliber cartridge used all over the world for gaming as well as target shooting.

• .223 Remington – The most popular CXP1 class game cartridge for high performance and economy along with the .17 HMR or .22 Hornet.

• .243 Winchester –It is excellent, low recoil, long range cartridge for the smaller species of antlered game

• .260 Remington and the 6.5x55 – Both have identical ballistic properties, have low recoil and used as big game mountain rifles.

• .270 Winchester – It is standard of comparison among long range big game cartridges and one of the great all-around hunting cartridges.

• 7mm Remington Magnum – This is the most popular of the entire world's magnum rifle cartridges.

• Winchester Model 94 and the Marlin 336 - long range cartridge both fast handling lever actions deemed nearly perfect for woods and brush country hunting.

• .30-06 Springfield - This is perhaps the most versatile single hunting cartridge of the last Century.

• .308 Winchester It is one of the most successful and widely used military and big game cartridges in the world.

• .338 Winchester Magnum This is without question the most popular and perhaps the most versatile of the flat shooting and hard hitting varieties.

• Above the .338 Caliber are.375 H&H Magnum, the .458 Winchester Magnum elephant cartridges and the .416 Rigby.

• .45-70 bore is ideal for woods or brush country hunting of heavy game and the big predators.

Before one goes in for acquiring a rifle it would be better to ponder upon the role and purpose that one would like to use it for and buy the Rifle and Ammo accordingly.

References :

1. Wikepedia on firearms’ dimension. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber )

2. List of sizes by caliber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cartridges_by_caliber )

3. Information on cartridges http://www.chuckhawks.com/12_rifle_cartridges.htm )

The benefits of Ground Radio Communication

Ground radio communication forms one of the most cost effective and reliable solutions for secure long range communication. This communication saves lot of resources when compared to telephone or mobile communication. The wireless ground radio communication equipment comes is extensively used by the military as well by other government agencies in emergency situations.

The Ground Radio Communication equipment essentially consists of a transmitter and a receiver. When one module is capable of doing both the functions, it is called transceiver. Besides this it needs a power source as well as good quality compatible antennae to enable radio waves to be transmitted and received.

Different radio products are available as per the usage. They come in the form of manpacks, telephone internet connects, transceivers, crosspatch, modems, and antennas that are used for long range ground communication.

Various Frequency Ranges Used In Ground Radio Communication.

Ground Radio Communication uses different bands of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. These are primarily three types:

• HF or the High Frequency – This has a range of 3 to 30 MHz

• VHF or very high frequency – with a range between 30 MHz to 300 MHz and

• Ultra High Frequency with ranges 300 MHz to 3000MHz (3 GHz)
  

HF Radio Waves

Traditionally, the radio sets using HF range of frequencies are preferred because of their superior range that uses the ionosphere and can often reach vast distances across the continents often 3000 km and more. The standard commercial AM (amplitude modulated) radio uses this which is why we get transmissions from all over the world. It has inherent weakness of sound quality not being very good but with modern transceivers this has been overcome to a large extent. The Equipment is robust and comparatively cheaper.

VHF Radio Waves

VHF radio waves are "Frequency Modulated" and lie in what is called the “FM band”. This range can carry huge amount of information, hence they are also used in television broadcasts. However, FM signals are “line of sight” in nature hence having a limited use over larger distances. The quality of receptions also deteriorates in areas that have

hills and high rise buildings.

UHF Radio Waves

UHF radio waves are also called microwave frequencies. They are used for many modern gadgets like mobile phones, televisions, wireless networking, satellite radio and GPS.

UHF radio waves are capable of carrying a data rate higher than VHF thus contain more information. UHF signals can also penetrate obstacles such as buildings and clouds; UHF radio waves can therefore propagate longer distances often upto 100 miles without distortion. They also have lesser power requirements for transmission.

Advantages of HF Type Ground Radio Communications

• Cost Effectiveness - Communication made using long range HF radio sets is the cheapest as it needs lesser infrastructure

• Range: They have a range of over 3000 km.

• Infrastructure: The ground radio communication using HF frequencies requires lesser infrastructures than any other mode of communication including the satellite communication.

• Security: Ground Radio Communication using HF is more secure than other methods, which is why the army uses it. Also, various types of encryption can be done easily to data transmitting end.

• Maintenance Cost: Ground radio devices require low infrastructure, hence their maintenance cost is marginal when compared to satellite communication system.

The type of radio sets to be used depends upon the range that it is required to cover, as well as the quality of sound and the need for security of data. With modern advances in Ground Radio Communication systems it is possible to have very light, mobile units of transceivers using smaller, more compatible Antennas and are a very effective and secure means of communications.

Importance of EIA

Environmental protection and resource management has conventionally been given importance all over the world which has increased in recent time. The ancient practices taught people to live in perfect harmony with nature. However, industrialization, urbanization and changing life styles over the years have affected environment drastically in causing pollution and environment degradation.

What is EIA

The pollution in air, water and land has lead to ecological imbalance and potential health hazards. As a result, regulations in the form of laws and policies on environmental protection were introduced. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one such effort.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the official appraisal process to identify, predict, evaluate and justify the ecological, social, and related biophysical effects of a proposed policy, program or project on the environment. It provides insight on alternatives and measures to be adopted before any commitment, thus helps in important decision-making. The overall objective of the EIA is to design developmental projects and activities taking into consideration the environmental perspective.

Functions of EIA

The EIA provides the following benefits:

• an opportunity for public participation,

• increased protection of human health,

• the sustainable use of natural resources,

• reduced project costs and delays,

• minimized risks of environmental disasters,

• and increased government responsibility.

EIA particularly aims to optimize a trade-off between developmental activities and socio-ecological losses. It is a management tool linked closely to the project providing appropriate environmental information within the stipulated time.

Legislation

Many countries now have mandatory legislation or policies for environmental impact assessments. In India Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was formally introduced in 1994. Both central and state authorities together share the responsibility of its development and management. An post project evaluation analysis report drawn on Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) highlights several constraints, such as improper screening and scope, ineffective monitoring and provides necessary guidelines. The legislation provides realization of opportunity for increasing public awareness, initiatives of environmental groups and business community and to integrate environmental consideration into plans and policies. Some of the unforeseen threats to the system are poor governance, rapid economic reforms and favors to small-scale units.

EIA process involves three basic steps:

(a) Preparation of the report: It involves screening, scoping and documentation.

Screening

Screening determines whether EIA is required or not, any project in ecologically fragile areas and falling under coastal zone regulation, requires an EIA.

Scoping

Scoping identifies the concerns and issues to be addressed for a particular project. It involves the following steps:

1. Baseline analysis: A comparison of project-induced environmental changes with the expected environmental changes without proposed project is assessed through baseline analysis.

2. Impact prediction: The prediction analysis forecasts the nature and significance of the expected impacts.

3. Impact mitigation measures: Environmental Management Plan (EMP), risk assessment report and disaster management plan (if hazardous substances are involved in the project), rehabilitation plan (if displacement of people is anticipated) are prepared to suggest remedial measures.

Documentation

(a) A comprehensive report is prepared which summarizes the description of the project, regional settings, baseline conditions, impact prediction and important findings of the study.

(b) Review and decision-making-The Impact Assessment (IA) division reviews the application accompanied by the documents of EIA and EMP report, No objection certificate (NOC), risk assessment and emergency preparedness plan, rehabilitation plan, details of public hearing, clearance from airport authority and state forest departments, etc. The IA is free to conduct site visits if considers necessary. Based on the EIA review and other information, the IA either grants or rejects the environment clearance to the project.

(c) Post Project Monitoring (PPM) -The PPM ensures the implementation in accordance with the measures specified while providing the environmental clearance (EC). Thus, it performs a dual task of identifying the actual environmental impacts of the project and implementation of the desired mitigation measures of the EMP.

Conclusion

To address the critical issues political commitment and public participation is indispensable. Improved effectiveness will also depend on strength of government agency coordination, integrated decision-making, adequate training to various stakeholders and supporting infrastructure for purposeful monitoring and enforcement. The methods of conducting environmental impact assessments are regularly revised for progressive refinement that not only help remove existing constraints but also take care of future challenges.